Airasia

Yield and profitability would decrease for AirAsia if fuel prices become too high. Overall, although such economic events are unavoidable, the opportunities outweigh the threats, presenting AirAsia opportunities to expand its business: during times of economic downturns, demand for affordable low fares would increase amongst budget-conscious travelers, especially from leisure and corporate travelers. 3. Political/Legal Globalization saw a trend of increased privatization and deregulation of governments across the world, which resulted in the ongoing consolidation of the airline industry.As governments were important drivers of airline success in Asia, most airlines in East and Southeast Asian countries had full or substantial state ownership, management, and control, often subsidized and protected by the governments from competition; with the pursuit of non-business goals, profits were often sacrificed for the sake of national objectives. Privatization and deregulation of governments presented opportunities for new routes and airport deals through open-skies agreements between countries, or the permission of the entry of private airlines, reducing the constraints for international airlines. For instance, in 1997, Malaysia signed an â€Å"open-skies† agreement with the United States; such deregulation present new airlines (i. e. AirAsia) with the opportunity to access domestic routes. Having access to domestic routes could lead to the trial of long haul flights to attain and penetrate an undeveloped market share (i. e. new routes to utilize its new aircraft). However, globalization can also result in global uncertainty (i. e. accidents, terrorist attacks, and disaster), which can affect customer confidence. Once customer confidence is affected, AirAsia would face the threat of losing its profitability, or even bankruptcy.Being a low-cost carrier, AirAsia is subjected to subjected to aviation regulations, government policy and government restraints (i. e. government protection in favor of full-service airlines), and dependent on the geography and infrastructure of Asia, and the travelling preferences of customers. 4. Sociocultural In recent years, rapid economic growth resulted in a burgeoning middle class within Asia’s large population. Together with increased in trade and tourism within and into Asia, demand for air travel increased; more people were willing to compromise on food and other services in exchange for lower prices.The attractiveness of budget airlines is primarily their low ticket prices, which can be as low as 10-20% of those charged by full-service airlines. This presents AirAsia with opportunities to differentiate itself from competitors by adding customer services or operation as full service airline with low fare, giving it a competitive advantage (i. e. provision of in-flight food and drinks, and online sales of hotel, car, and holiday reservations, as well as travel insurance), and corporate travel services, with its own branded credit card; further increasing brand awareness and value for customers.However, if AirAsia is not careful in its implementation to differen tiate itself from competitors, it could incur an (unnecessary) increase in operation cost in producing value-added services. Overall, the social/cultural aspect presents AirAsia with more opportunities than threats, as long as it does not unnecessarily increase operation cost in producing value added services. 5. Technological Global By utilizing information technology, AirAsia was able to the first airline in Southeast Asia utilize e-ticketing and bypass traditional travel agents.This enabled the airline to save on the cost of issuing physical ticket (i. e. estimated at US$10 per ticket), and eliminated the need for large and expensive booking and reservation systems, and agents’ commissions. If not handled properly (i. e. backup systems and maintenance), there would be risk of system disruption due to heavily reliance on online sales. Hence, the technology aspect would pose to be a threat if AirAsia’s systems are not properly backed up and maintained (i. e. contingency plan in the event of a system disruption). 6. Physical EnvironmentThe physical environment segment refer to potential and actual changes in the physical environment and business practice that are intended to positively respond to and deal with those changes. To sustaining the quality of the physical environment Industry Analysis 1. Threat from New Entrants: Low The airline industry requires high capital. The cost of setting up an office, purchasing or leasing aircrafts, hiring pilots and other staffs such as air stewardess and etc incurs a high start-up cost. Hence, the threat of new entrants is low for Air Asia. Strict government regulations.Every potential entrant is required to obtain license and permit before it is allowed to be operated. This is because the airline industry in Malaysia is already highly competitive. As a result, the government needs to protect the interest of its national airline, Malaysia Airlines (MAS), where MAS has been operating on losses a few years back. Apart from offering air transportation service, Air Asia also offers affordable tour packages. Air Asia has been establishing good relations with hotels and tourism companies around Asia, therefore, it is hard for new competitors to compete.Most of Air Asia customers have high brand loyalty towards Air Asia because of its widely known ? one of the low-cost airlines that continues to offer the lowest possible price?. 2. Bargaining Power of Supplier: High Overall, power of supplier is high as there are limited and just availability of suppliers, the switching cost is high (i. e. airplanes and their maintenance are costly), and there are few substitutes for airplanes (i. e. air travel covers longer distances in a shorter period of time). Limited number of aircrafts supplier.There are only two aircrafts supplier companies in the world, which are Air bus and Boeing. Compared to Boeing aircrafts, Airbus aircrafts is the most advanced in technology, hence, Air Asia must rely on the Airbus engineers to do maintenance on the aircrafts and seek advices. 3. Bargaining Power of Buyer: High The internet has allowed customers to have access in aviation market information, mainly, the price of air transportation ticket charged by different airline companies, where price comparison can be made. Low switching cost for customers.Customer’s priority is to look at price and flight schedule that suits them best when purchasing air transportation tickets. As mentioned earlier, customer’s main purpose of using the airline service is to get to their intended destination. Therefore, customers can switch to other airline easily. As there are almost no switching costs for customers switching from one budget airline to another, the bargaining power of buyer is moderately high. Moreover, customers are able to compare prices of budget airline via the Internet, giving them more choices 4. Threat from Substitutes Product/or Services: LowAlthough there are several substitutes (i. e. trains and ships), the geographical structure of Asia has made air travel an efficient, viable, and convenient mode of transportation. Hence, threat from substitutes is moderately low. Compared to other modes of transportation, the archipelago geographical structure of Asia made air transportation the most viable, convenient and efficient mode of transportation. However most of the low-cost airlines only fly domestic routes within the country of origin, while only a few operate international routes connecting nearby countries.Hence, customers will always look for alternatives. The prices of substitutes are about the same with Air Asia. Some of the airlines offers cheaper price to achieve profitable passenger loads. The price offered depends on the time gap between the booking date and flight date. The longer the date, the cheaper the price. If the air transportation tickets are purchased last minute, the price will be about the same with premium airlines such as MAS and Singapore Airlines (SIA). Therefore, in this situation customer would switch to the premium airlines. . Rivalry among Competing Firms: High Intensity of rivalry is moderately high due to the increased competition (with more competitors wanting a part of this growing lucrative market), and high exit cost. Exhibits 8 and 9 provide information on low-cost carries in Asia: from 1 budget airline (Cebu Pacific Air) in 1996 to 16 budget airlines by 2005, the entry of more low-cost airlines dramatically increased competition. AirAsia also faced competition from a broad range of airlines, ground transportation, and sea services.The airline industry offers similar service. Customer’s main purpose of using the airline service is to get to their intended destination. Though Air Asia offers additional services such as hotel booking and tour packages, it is subject to its customers’ choice. An industry with similar products and/or services offered is highly competitive. The airline industry incurs high fixed cost. In order to cover the fixed cost, the airline companies have to gain more market share.As such, constant price reduction is done to compete with others. Hence, the rivalry is strong. Low switching cost for customers. Customer’s priority is to look at price and flight schedule that suits them best when purchasing air transportation tickets. As mentioned earlier, customer’s main purpose of using the airline service is to get to their intended destination. Therefore, customers can switch to other airline easily, which makes the industry so competitive. The airline industry incurs high exit cost.In order for an airline company to exit the industry, it needs to pay its loans and staffs retrenchment as well as refund the flight cancellations, which all incurs high cost. Even making losses, the airline company has to get running to cope with fixed costs. There are approximately 45 low-cost airlines in Asia. Some of the airlines do not compete directly with Air Asia, but they compete indirectly in routes that Air Asia does not fly. Thus, the higher the number of competitors, the fiercer the competition.

Astronomy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 11

Astronomy - Essay Example Yes, this makes sense because its authenticity can be determined by the high degree of accuracy with the use simple methods adopted since time in memorial. With the help of modern technologies like the Magnetic compass or Polaris (Northern star) the cardinal point will easily be identified. The main purpose of this site is to help people understand the Whole set up of Astronomy. It begins by focusing on the motion of the stars. These are artificial and fascinating natural objects that continue to illuminate light in the universe. As a result many people all over the universe have been wondering what these stars, how far and their arrangement in the sky. These intimate questions have led to emergency of Astronomists who can help people try to understand what is happening in the universe. Unlike the ancient people who intimately familiarized themselves with night sky the modern people do not have that time thus the need for assistance from the specialists in sky matters. It is also important to note that the as the stay stars move in the sky they maintain the same pattern hence prompting the specialists come up with constellations. As far as astronomy is concerned there are only 88 official constellations recognized by the astronomers. In order for one to carefully understand this arrangement the study of sky motion applet comes in handy. The distance between the two points in the sky can only be estimated by measuring of angles. This is done by measuring the two imaginary lines that are always seen running from the eyes and the two points. In order to understand the motion of the sky the ancient people had to come up with a mechanical model that would aid in clarifying this movement. The logic behind this is that all stars are entangled on a huge rigid celestial sphere that engulfs the earth and rotates around after every 23 hours and 56

Holocaust Memorial Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Holocaust Memorial - Essay Example When I see it, I don’t know how to react. It is like walking through a distorted field of black blocks. I think the memorial is supposed to invoke fear, confusion, and a feeling of orderliness. This is probably what the Jews felt during the holocaust. They were afraid for their lives and were confused about ever surviving. The only thing they knew was to work in an orderly fashion. Much like ants work relentlessly to meet the goals set by their ruler. The structures themselves make no sense but their meaning is deep. They lack any form identity, or individualism. The structures are separate only by their height. I think that Eisenman is an architectural genius. He is able to evoke so many emotions from something so simple. But why does it only commemorate the Jews? There were many other people convicted for reasons other than being Jewish. Amongst those who were victims to the holocaust were the handi-capped, gays, Gypsies, and Soviet prisoners of war. It is not just the Jews who need to be remembered but the others who fell to Nazi Germany’s regiment. Nevertheless, the memorial achieved its purpose- to represent subliminally a dark age in man’s history.

Describes the three higher issues of accountability,globalization, and Research Paper

Describes the three higher issues of accountability,globalization, and technology that will most significantly impact higher edu - Research Paper Example Raby, R.& Valeau, E. (2009) Community College Models: Globalization and Higher Education Reform. New York: Springer. This book focuses on community colleges and how they are affected by globalization. In the part that is summarized in the literature review, the authors look at how community colleges can help with humanitarian concerns. It also looks at the neo-liberal model, which means that colleges are looked at like a commodity, and the implications of this in the global world. They also look at the â€Å"global paradox† (p. 23), which means that the needs of the local grow greater as the polity and the economy grows larger. Technology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 Cook, J., White, S., Sharples, M., Sclater, N. & Davis, H. (2007) The design of learning technologies. In Contemporary Perspectives in E-Lea rning Research: Themes, Methods and Impact on Practice. Ed. Grainne Conole and Martin Oliver. New York: Routledge. This article examines new learning technologies, focusing on technologies that encourage students to learn interactively. These technologies include interactive games, and virtual worlds. Also looks at how students may be encouraged to create their own technology. Accountability†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..10 Burke, J. (2005) The many faces of accountability. In Achieving Accountability in Higher Education. Ed. Joseph C. Burke and Associates. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. In this article, Burke looks at what educational accountability means. He focuses on the different types of accountability, which means that universities are accountable to different stakeholders. He also looks at what the changing landsc ape – increasing tuition and enrollments and exploding state needs – means for accountability in higher education. Zumeta, W. (2005) Accountability and the private sector: State and federal perspectives. In Achieving Accountability in Higher Education. Ed. Joseph C. Burke and Associates. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. In this article, the author looks at how state and federal stakeholders view higher education accountability. Erwin, T. (2005) Standardized testing and accountability: Finding the way and the will. In Achieving Accountability in Higher Education. Ed. Joseph C. Burke and Associates. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. This article looks at the push for standardized testing in higher education, and looks at why educators are opposed to the idea. Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..13 Applicationâ₠¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦14 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦15 Introduction In higher education today, there are a variety of challenges that educators and college and university leaders must face. One of these challenges is that the world has become increasingly globalized. The implications for the institutions of higher learning are that students must become multi-cultural, and they also must have the skills which are needed in a changing world. These skills are also constantly changing, as there are paradigm shifts in what is necessary to

Well-Being And Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Well-Being And Education - Essay Example It is an ambiguous term used widely and frequently in public discourse. Well being can be viewed as a positive mental condition, originally embraced by some scholars as a way of focusing on satisfaction with life and health, as opposed on the focus on mental illnesses and its cures. In a dynamic way of viewing it, â€Å"Well being|† is a state in which a person is able to develop his or her creativity, productivity, potential, and work. It helps one-build positive and strong relationships with others as well as contributes largely to their communities. It is through education that an individual’s well being can enhance a sense of purpose in the society (Kennedy, 2006 45-6). Promoting well being is a legitimate aim of education. Many professionals in the education sector firmly perceive that their work makes individuals have a high self-esteem and have a positive view of their lives. Research shows that most of the adult learners gain evidently in optimism and confidence because of successful learning. Such experiences have also been realized by most practitioners in workplaces, communities, and in colleges. There are numerous justifications for considering the promotion of well being legitimate in education. Apart from being desirable in itself, it has a positive view on the future and a feeling of one’s ability to control his life are crucial to further, on-going successful learning. ... Most importantly, well being creates a focus on the emotional and social features of effective learning including managing feelings, empathy, self-awareness, social skills, and motivation. Educationists typically gauge the well-being of students in terms of test scores, academic achievement, university entrance trends, attendance records, engagement, or success in up to date accountability culture, and international league. The paper presents that promotion of well being is a legitimate aim of education in an exploration of wellness in schools to achieve an overall consideration of this issue. Well being is the foundation or basis on which academic excellence is build and the exemplary behavior is prized. It is quite logical to argue that well being and achievement of learners go hand in hand (Noddings, 1995, 41-2). Indeed, people who have received quality education say that they have the satisfaction in life and that they carry out worthwhile activities. However, it is not always tr ue that education necessarily brings about happiness. The well-being of a learner is as well affected by the way he or she feels, including the health factor. Well being as a legitimate aim of education It is a justifiable aim of education; after all, education is goal-oriented. Moreover, when it comes to parents educating their children, it is believed that well being is a goal worth of pursuit their goals. As a relatively educational, goal, well being is assumed to prepare learners to develop into independent critical thinkers as ethically responsible citizens. It is a global requirement or legal expectation of the whole world that all children get access to universal education for a common good. Education

Balanced Scorecard and Strategic Decision Making Essay

Balanced Scorecard and Strategic Decision Making - Essay Example It reflects the following core principles: (1) No single measure can provide a clear performance target or focus attention on all the critical areas of the business. (2) The Balanced Scorecard seeks to minimize the common problem of information overload on business leaders by limiting the number of measures used. (3) The approach is a way to clarify, simplify and then operationalize the Mission (Purpose/Values/ Behaviours/Strategy) at the top of the organization (Johnson and Kaplan 1987). The Balanced Scorecard is a measurement framework and concentrates attention on the four primary perspectives of corporate performance. Each perspective focuses on a particular question fundamental to the future prosperity of the overall business (Kaplan and Cooper 1997). Australian organizations have utilized different types of performance measurement covering financial, customer, internal and growth levels. From financial perspective, Australian organization use techniques to measure: profitability (Net Profit Margin and Return on Total Funds), Shareholder Income (Dividend Level and Dividend Cover), company's growth (Sales Trend (year on year growth)) and stability (Gearing (Debt: Equity) Ratio Interest Cover (times)). From customer perspective, it is possible to measure: Customer Care, quality, availability, brand values. From internal perspective, it is possible to measure Staff Retention and employees development, performance and communication. From growth perspective, it is possible to measure innovation and investment opportunities, creativity and company's performance (sales and profit) (Johnson and Kaplan 1987). For each of the Business Objectives the Strategic Key Performance Indicator (SKPI) represents the measurement tool. Related to each SKPI a stretching but achievable target level of performance should be set and clearly communicated to all relevant staff. To achieve this target, specific initiatives need to be identified, implemented and reviewed. The Balanced Scorecard therefore drives performance throughout the organisation. There is a direct line of integration between the Vision of the organization and the Strategy that is being pursued. It also provides the top level scoring' mechanism to ensure each aspect of the business is on-track' (Kaplan and Norton 1992). The financial ratios are applied to the business to examine current achievement and trends. They can also be applied to competitors to enable external benchmarks' of performance to be established. There are many potential ratios available but these comprise those that would be regarded as a core set' designed to provide an overall insight into the business and the challenges facing management. They reflect the typical approaches used by corporate management, business analysts and bankers (Lynch and Cross 1991). The analytical ratios can individually be helpful in the review of past performance, future projections or competitor comparison. In addition there are several vital linkages that should be recognized to further enhance understanding and insight. From an internal perspective the primary driver of performance and success is widely acknowledged to be the competence and commitment of the workforce at all levels. Employees are generally concerned with two aspects: It is these five aspects of Quality, Cost, Delivery, Safety and Morale (QCDSM)

Gap Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Gap Inc - Essay Example Thirty-seven years ago, Gap Inc. started its humble beginnings with big dreams that spun into a golden international retail enterprise of highly-respected apparel lines. From a handful of employees at its historic California home, Gap Inc. has now hired over 160,000 employees all over the world that support the brand names it carries. With more than 4,250 stores, Gap Inc. boasts of its worldwide lead as a retailer for clothing, accessories and personal care products under the brand names of Gap, Banana Republic and Old Navy. By the year 21st century the complexity of the fashion industry has acknowledged the changing moods of dressing. Dressing down according to Kelly and Silverstein (2005) became an acceptable norm for the society whose rules for dressing became relaxed and interest in fashion waned. With home-based jobs sprouting people saw no need to buy fashionable clothes. Ordinary retail and clothing sales saw a disappointing decline as the millennium ushered in comfort dressin g. Gap Inc., whose target clients are teens and the middle market with its basic style should see a logical push compared to Banana Republic's affluent clientele and Old Navy's fashionable yet bargain minded customers.Gap Inc. however, suffered tremendous drawbacks against its gracious fashion profit enjoyment of the 90's that Brady attributed to its electronic retailing in 1997, as prevailing modes of expression sank the sales of summer 2001. Hea revealed how store sales showed a 12% dip compared to the previous year. Given the sales shortfall, shares of stocks remained on the defensive that Hea positively believed could pick up during the fall months. However August and September saw weak store traffic owing to the lack of buyers' enthusiasm for its apparel lines. The Old Navy division suffered the highest setback with the biggest sales drop that then CEO Millard Drexler acknowledged as its priority, "the need to find the right balance between key items and fashion". In its numero us attempts to survive the fashion crash, Drexler was later replaced in 2002 according to Brady(2003) that has brought in bolder colors that certainly help cut the inventory, squeezed out costs and helped Gap triple its earnings and stocks rose to more then $18 per share. The GAP strategies By redesigning a "look" to fit in with the season and the environment, Gap's strategies included highly focused surveys and research on consumer needs and fashion trends that high-lighted classifying its clientele from the "style-conscious, updated and classic" individuals according to Brady(2003). Gap, has also adapted the different mixes provided by Levy and Weitz (2004, Ch.2) that retailing systems should carefully observe with strong emphasis on the merchandise. According to them, much focus on its products centered on the ability to recognize versatility in style, assortment and variety without sacrificing its quality. Fit being an important factor in the clothing apparel line, assumed that its predictability should announce its availability that consumer research brings into its designs for must-have clothes. Although the millennium trend was to dress down and simplify, the smugness brought by the old Gap designs were too obtainable with other cheaper competition. A variety of choices for the shopper in style and a wider array of color definitely zeroed in the buying spree. Gap's predictability in the 1990's saw a gradual yet significant progress that has seen improvement on its credit rating and debt reduction in the 3rd quarter of 2003. Webb then announced its CEO Paul Pressler's move to repurchase its common stocks. Price Adjustment according to the law of supply and demand hammers specific changes to maximize profit and minimize markdowns according to Chorafas (2002). Prices change but are highly capricious in trying to match the demand. Gap, has however attached a stigma to dynamic pricing that the fashion industry equates with consumers flocking stores only